Space-Weather Effects on Critical Infrastructure on Earth

¹ Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
² Tromsø Geophysical Observatory, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
³ Northumbria University, Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
⁴ Centrum voor mathematische Plasma-Astrofysica, Departement Wiskunde, Celestijnenlaan 200 B, 3001 Leuven, Belgium // UMCS, Lublin, Poland

Abstract

Space weather refers to both the dynamic conditions in interplanetary space driven by the Sun and its subsequent impact on the near-Earth environment. Space weather can disrupt or destroy ground- and space-based infrastructure. Although not fully understood, its significance is growing rapidly with our increasing dependence on modern technology.