EDP Sciences logo

The importance of rheology in tissue development (Vol. 46 No. 4)

The importance of rheology in tissue development
The dissipation function formalism helps construct constitutive equations relating the mechanical stresses with intracellular variables such as cell deformations and intercellular variables such as cell velocities and cell neighbour changes. Experiments where cells are forced to flow in a narrow geometry and where these variables are measured help to infer and/or test such equations.

Our understanding of biomechanics increasingly improves through the use of physics models. There are some intriguing biological questions regarding the interplay between the behaviour of cells and the mechanics at the level of tissues. For example, how does a collective behaviour, not apparent at the cell scale, emerge at the tissue level? Or how can the mechanical state of a tissue affect the cell division rate or the orientation of cells undergoing division?

The authors think that the interplay between genes and mechanics is key to understanding how the adult shape emerges from a developing tissue.

They construct rheological diagrams based on insights concerning the mechanics of the biological tissue. One of the main insights is a distinction between intra-cellular and inter-cellular mechanism. The local rheological equations obtained allow to generate a complete spatial model expressed as a set of partial differential equations. This procedure is conducted not only in the case of small elastic deformations, but also in the relevant, less discussed, case of large elastic deformations. The authors provide a functional and versatile toolbox for tissue modelling and propose a framework for a tensorial treatment of heterogeneous tissues. Although the simplest applications concern in vitro experiments, the same approach may be used for many other living tissues including animal tissues during development, wound healing, or carcinogenesis.

S. Tlili, C. Gay, F. Graner, Ph. Marcq, F. Molino and P. Saramito, Colloquium: Mechanical formalisms for tissue dynamics, Eur. Phys. J. E, 38, 33 (2015)
[Abstract]